Fundemental Rights of India Essay Example for Free

Fundemental Rights of India Essay The Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will live their lifes in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. They include individual rigts common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freddom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil right. Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights, however, the Forty-Fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law. Following are the Fudamental Rights in India Right to Equality | * Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of law * Article 15 :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. * Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment * Article 17 :- End of untouchability * Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted| Right to Freedom | * Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:- 1. Freedom of Speech and Expression 2. Freedom of Assembly 3. Freedom of form Associations 4. Freedom of Movement 5. Freedom of Residence and Settlement 6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness * Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences * Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty * Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases | Right Against Exploitation | * Article 23 :- Traffic in human beings prohibited * Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed | Right to freedom of Religion | * Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion * Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs * Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds * Article 28 :- Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions | Cultural and Educational Rights | * Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities * Article 30 :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions * Article 31 :- Omitted by the  44th Amendment Act | Right to Constitutional Remedies | * Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar) * Forms of Writ check * Habeas Corpus :- Equality before law and equal protection of law | Fundamental Right 1. Part-III, containing articles from 12 to 35 deal with Fundamental Rights. 2. The Fundamental Rights can be enforceable by a court against the State. 3. These are primarily aim at assuring political freedom to the citizens by protecting them against the excessive State action. 4. The Fundamental Rights are given a pride of place by the Constitution makers. 5. The chapter of Fundamental Rights is sacrosanct and not liable to be abridged by legislative or executive act or orders, except to the extent provided in appropriate Article in Part III. 6. Grover Justice Supreme Court said: â€Å"where as the fundamental rights lay down the means by which that goal was to be achieved.† 7. Fundamental rights occupy a unique place in the lives of civilized society and have been variously described in judgment of the Supreme Court as â€Å"transcendental†, â€Å"inalienable† and â€Å"personal†. 8. There are negative in character. The State is asked not to do certain things for the people. Directive Principles of State Policy 1. Part –IV, containing Articles from 36 to 50, deal with Directive Principle of State Policy. 2. The Directive Principles of State Policy can not be enforceable by any Court. 3. These are aimed at securing welfare, social and economic freedoms by appropriate State action. 4. The Directive Principles are given a place of permanence by the Constitution makers. 5. The Directive Principles of State policies have to confirm and to run as subsidiary to the Chapter of Fundamental Rights. 6. Grover Justice Supreme Court said: â€Å"Directive Principles prescribe the goal to be attained.† 7. The Supreme Court described the Directive Principles of State policy as â€Å"Conscience of our Constitution†. 8. These are positive in character. The State is directed to take certain positive steps for the welfare and advancement of the people. Directive Principles Of State Policy The Constitution lays down certain Directive Principles of State Policy which  though not justiceable, are ‘fundamental in governance of the country’ and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. These lay down that the State shall strive to promote welfare of people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice social, economic and political, shall inform all institutions of national life. The State shall direct its policy in such a manner as to secure the right of all men and women to an adequate means of livelihood, equal pay for equal work and within limits of its economic capacity and development, to make effective provision for securing the right to work, education and to public assistance in the event of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement or other cases of undeserved want. The State shall also endeavour to secure to workers a living wage, humane conditions of work, a decent standard of life and full involvement of workers in management of industries. In the economic sphere, the State is to direct its policy in such a manner as to secure distribution of ownership and control of material resources of community to subserve the common good and to ensure that operation of economic system does not result in concentration of wealth and means of production of common detriment. (1) Equitable distribution of wealth or the socialist pattern of society and equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (2) Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all its citizens, men and women. (3) Provision of employment to all. (4) Free and compulsory education for children. (5) Living wage for workers. (6) Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. (7) Organization of village panchayats as units of self-government (Article 40). (8) Prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs injurious to health. (9) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines. (10) Promotion of international peace and security and maintenance of just and honourable relations between the nations of the world. THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE Policy in the Constitution of India have been inspired by the Constitution of Ireland. It contains ideals of a Welfare State. The Directive Principles are  contained in Part-IV of the Constitution. RIGHT TO WORK IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Article 41 in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) in the Constitution of India reads, â€Å"The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want.† The custodian of Fundamental Rights is the Supreme Court of India. The differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are: Fundamental Rights * Fundamental Rights are justiciable * Indian Constitution mentions some of the most important rights of the citizens called fundamental rights. * These rights are necessary if citizens are to act properly and live democratically. * These rights are fundamental in legal sense. If Government passes any law which restricts them, then those laws would be invalid. * The Constitution guarantees us six fundamental rights. * Fundamental rights concern the individual. Directive Principals * Directive Principles of State policy are not justiciable. The provision of Directive Principles thus can not be enforced in court of law. * These are actually directions given by the Constitution of the State to adopt policies which would help to establish a just society in our country. * The aim of these instructions is to create proper economic and social conditions in which citizens of our country can lead a good life. * Directive principles concern State.

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller :: Papers

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller The following essay is about how people reacted to Arthur Miller's play and what his intentions where and if he got the desired effect on people. Firstly let me start of by telling you about the intentions of writers, Arthur Miller's intentions in particular. A writer intends to grip the audience so people will read or view there work. Arthur Miller intended to grip the audience by telling you a story of illegal immigrants and how they could affect a person's life. He also intended to show us how Italians deal with people who inform on others. He wanted to show us the emotions and behavior a working class person who had to deal with the fact that the girl who "belonged" to him for such a long time was being "stolen" from him and he was losing her. For Arthur Miller this was "A dangerous and mysterious world at the edge of the water that drama and literature had never touched" (Time Bends) Arthur Miller intended this to be a modern version of a Greek tragedy in which a main character is led by fate towards an unavoidable destiny. Arthur Miller tells us what happens in the beginning but leaves us wanting to know how it happened. Most of Arthur Miller's plays are based on serious issues in which he tries to show us how people think and react in situations which threaten to defeat and overcome them. So by showing us all this how does Arthur miller want us to react? Arthur miller wants us to walk away with an understanding that "Some times it's better to settle for half" He also wants us to get an insight into the lives of people like Eddie, placed in situations which are uncomfortable. Miller tries to show us how people like Eddie think and react. He wants us to understand that we can only protect our little ones for so long and then we must let them go. He also tries to show us there emotions, the

The study a library Essay

2. 1 Background of the study A library is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to — or cannot afford to — purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information and at interpreting information needs. Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources and the Internet. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a variety of digital tools. Kalayaan National High School started when Mrs. Esmelita P. Ulangca, the principal of Bagong Silang High School, felt an urgent need of an annex school in order to accommodate the heavy influx of enrolment of students. In 1996, the construction of two(2) three-storey building with 9 classrooms each were constructed in Phase 10 Bagong Silang, Caloocan. The first enrollment commenced on May 21,1997 where the first batch of 1,450 first year enrollees and organized into 14 sections with 18 teaches from Bagong Silang High School. As classes went on another three-storey with 15 classrooms was also constructed, 300 second year and 212 third year students from Bagong Silang Hish School were transferred. Along with them were 8 teachers. The first inauguration of the said buildings was held February 6,1998. In June 29,1998, a Division Memorandum No. 97 s. 1998 was issued to inform the field that the establishment of Kalayaan National High School(formerly Bagong Silang National High School Annex) as per Republic Act No. 8644 entitled â€Å"An Act Establishing a National High School in Bagong Silang, Caloocan City to be known as Kalayaan National High School and Appropriating Funds Thereof, lapsed into law on May 30,1998. Library System is one of Transaction Processing System because it can process large records and data of the school and it is also use for library transactions like borrowing and returning books. In Computerized Library System, the data are kept accurate in order to lessen errors in listing of books and computation of penalties. Library System is also designed to perform the process involve in acquisition, cataloguing, and circulation of books in the library. The proponents intend to propose to develop A Computerized Library System for Kalayaan National High School to enhance the transactions of the current procedure of their library. 2. 2 Overview of the current System Borrowing For those who are new borrowers they will be given a library card and fill up all the informations needed. The students are allowed to borrow as many books as they want inside the library premises. Anyone who wishes to borrow a book must physically check by himself the book stored in the shelf to know if it is available, if it is he should bring it to the librarian together with his library card. If he wishes to borrow it for over night he must return it the following day(excluding Saturday and Sunday), if he fails to return it he will need to pay for penalty per overdue books which cost 1 peso per day; if the student fails to pay for the penalties his clearance will be hold. But if the borrower is a Faculty there is a logbook provided for them to write their name, title of the book, date borrowed, and date returned and he is allowed to borrow the book for the whole school year and return it before the school year ends, if he lost or damaged the book his clearance won’t be cleared. Returning For returning the book the borrower will return it to the librarian and find his Borrower’s Card then the librarian will check if it is returned on the right date if it is not the borrower must pay for his acquired penalty. For Faculty members they will give the book to the librarian to record it on the logbook for faculty’s borrowed book the date they returned it. For all the penalties for overdue books,damage books and return boooks they will pay it to the librarian. For overdue books the students should pay penalty per overdue books which cost 1 peso per day. For lost or damage books the students should pay for the price of the book or replace it with a new one. Reports The librarian anually submitting the library’s annual inventory report by checking the books manually in the library, the librarian should physically check the books on the shelves and match it on the list of their books thatthey have. The report was done using Microsoft Excel. 2. 3 Project Rationale The following will be the beneficiaries of this study: * School They will be able to provide better service to their students because of a more organized records and user-friendly library. This study will also uplift the image of school by providing an optimal use of new technology. * Librarian He will be able to monitor the books easily and provide a record of library transactions such as borrowing and returning of books. Generating of reports such as list of books, list of Borrowers, list of Borrowers with offense, list of Damage books, list of Lost books, list of borrowed books, list of returned books, Inventory of Book will be more faster and easy. * Borrowers They do not need to search manually for the books they wished to borrow and they could easily know the availability of the book. The borrowing process could be more faster than their current procedure. * Library The library could easily monitor the condition of their books as well as its availability and stocks, because on their current system the librarian should physically check the books on the shelves. Generation of reports such as list of books, list of Borrowers, list of Borrowers with offense, list of Damage books, list of Lost books, list of borrowed books, list of returned books, Inventory of Books will be easier and faster. They could manage and easily update their records and transactions. * Proponents They would enhance their programming skills and knowledge in developing a system. * Future Researchers They could use this as a referrence for their study and guide for improving this system.

Essay about Solving Racism Yesterday and Today - 676 Words

She sat in class, listening to a lecture on the Civil Rights Movement. â€Å"That was how things used to be† her teacher told her. She looked around the classroom, each race in a separate corner. She couldn’t help but think, maybe the laws have changed, but the people sure haven’t. In everyday situations, racism is still very apparent. Racism in America has come a long way, however, there is still ways to go. Since our country was founded, racism has been a there. Abolishing racism can only happen years of effort from everyone. We need to start working on solving the racial issues to benefit our future. After the Civil Rights Movement, laws were made banning slavery entirely. Eventually, whites no longer owned slaves, however,†¦show more content†¦This causes kids to feel obligated to be like their stereotypes. Changes need to be made soon in efforts to have a racism free future. Simple steps can be taken to solve, and eventually eliminate racism. The on ly way this is possible is by opening the minds of children. Kids are young and their brains are not fully developed so they are still willing to take in new ideas. Adults, however, have developed brains and not as much capacity to have new opinions. Kids spend a significant amount of time in schools. It should be required that schools teach kids about how racial discrimination is wrong. Also, classes should not be so segregated. Schools should have to make efforts to have equal amounts of races in all of their classes. People in America are constantly exposed to media. From TVs to billboards in is seen everywhere. Kids in particular tend to go along with the opinions media gives them. If we stop portraying races as groups of people that shouldn’t be together, kids will get that impression. We must stop showing segregation and discrimination constantly in media. If the changes are made, it will not affect the people in our generation. The acceptance and tolerance of other ra ces will have to be taught and passed down to future children. If we do these things, the future will be a brighter place. If a lot of people put their full effort in, the future will be much better in terms of racialShow MoreRelatedThe Arts Have Been Long-Recognized As A Vital Component4734 Words   |  19 Pageson the human condition, the arts were â€Å"considered inseparable from the sciences and other academic disciplines† and a vital part of community life (Appel, 2006, p. 14). Goodman (2015) furthers this notion by explaining that people - both yesterday and today - embrace the arts to gain understanding and perspective into the more immaterial questions of life. Da Vinci’s brilliance came from the world around him, a world that cared deeply about intellectual curiosity and inspired creativity. TheRead MoreIntroducing the History of Marketing Theory and Practice11077 Words   |  45 Pagesmarketing problem’ (Jones and Monieson, 1994) and the ‘ distribution cost debate’ (Wilkie and Moore, 1999). Such concerns have not exactly disappeared today; although these debates about the cost of distribution were first aired in 1900 or thereabouts, with ‘farmers questioning why they received only a low percentage of the consumer’s food dollar; today, buyers (and farmers) ask why cereal brands are priced so high relative to ingredient costs’ (Wilkie and Moore, 1999: 215). While such criticism ofRead MoreEthical Decision Making and Behavior13474 Words   |  54 Pagesinoculation than a process. —Ethicist Rushworth Kidder WHAT’S AHEAD This chapter surveys the components of ethical behavior—moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character—and introduces systematic approaches to ethical problem solving. We’ll take a look at four decision-making formats: Kidder’s ethical checkpoints, the SAD formula, Nash’s 12 questions, and the case study method. After presenting each approach, I’ll discuss its relative advantages and disadvantages. U nderstandingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages..................................................................... 518 A Cautious Approach with an Open Mind ................................................................................ 519 Discovering Causes, Creating Explanations, and Solving Problems...................................... 521 Confirming by Testing .................................................................................................................. 523 Aiming to Disconfirm ...............................